Arts Advocacy Statement and Pamphlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Expressions Advocacy Statement and Pamphlet - Essay Example Creative inclination is an astonishing capacity and it is extremely huge for our kids for their better mental methodology. Workmanship assists with upgrading the childrens capacity to have a superior impression of the world and will in general get them to embrace a superior method of correspondence and articulation. Craftsmanship encourages youngsters to show up and uncover their shrouded ability and aptitudes. In this manner, for an effective and prospering life track, you should attempt to create imaginative abilities in your kid. Presently an inquiry emerges regarding what are the significant variables that are essential for the creative advancement in your kid. At the point when your youngster begins playing out specific exercises, you have to create craftsmanship in his exercises. Each youngster has a shrouded craftsman in their internal identity and guardians or instructors can look at very well what sort of masterful instinct is developing inside a kid. A few kids love to make drawings and some affection to utilize brushes to deal with hues. Some adoration music and few can be incredible authors. So every kid has his/her own tendency towards different classifications of craftsmanship. The four orders of workmanship have a different course of action among creative capacities, for example, drawing, print-production, painting, dramatization, music and move. Every one of these arrangements are the essential abilities that can be found in oneself to make a superior view of life. Home is the principal fundamental learning establishment and whatever abilities a youngster uses to learn at home, no organization around the globe could grant these aptitudes to kids. To create craftsmanship in your kid and have your kid ready to have a superior review of any circumstance throughout everyday life, you have to build up your child’s enthusiasm for the entirety of the above given modes of workmanship. Instruction is a completely extraordinary thing, however any expertise or ability in a kid can add more to his training with the assistance of imaginative characteristics. Workmanship is what never thinks about considerable measures and kids moreover

William Jennings Bryans Political Campaign free essay sample

While Bryan did well in the West ND the South, the more thickly populated mechanical North and Midwest went to McKinley who had the option to win the political decision. In the event that Bryan had won the political race, things would have been immensely unique. Nobody can make a million dollars sincerely. Bryan was generally viewed as an unmistakable representative for many rustic Americans who were experiencing the financial downturn following the Panic of 1893. William Jennings Bryan had faith in free and boundless coinage of silver, which he thought would cure the financial ills then tormenting ranchers and modern specialists. This inflationary measure would have expanded the measure of cash available for use and supported money poor and obligation troubled ranchers. He reprimanded huge business for the financial downturn that was available. Whenever chose President of the United States, he would have propelled his thought with the expectation of complimentary coinage of silver. In spite of the fact that this would have been useful for most of ranchers, a considerable lot of the remainder of the populace would have been incredibly troubled. We will compose a custom article test on William Jennings Bryans Political Campaign or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The enormous colleagues would have gotten together and plotted for the meeting forWilliam Jennings Bryan; which would have been fruitful. Bryan ought to have never played with enormous business since, they mean business. Predetermination is regardless of possibility. It involves decision. It's anything but a thing to be hung tight for, it is a thing to be accomplished. I accept that it was William Jennings Brans predetermination to lose the appointment of 1 896 with the goal that he would not be killed. It was for the better of the nation that he had not won the political decision. The monetary procedure of cultivating for the nation was reaching a conclusion in any case.

Blog Archive MBA Career News Strategically Answering Behavioral Interview Questions

Blog Archive MBA Career News Strategically Answering Behavioral Interview Questions In this new blog series, our mbaMission Career Coaches offer invaluable advice and industry-related news to help you actively manage your career. Topics include building your network, learning from mistakes and setbacks, perfecting your written communication, and mastering even the toughest interviews. To schedule a free half-hour consultation with one of our mbaMission Career Coaches, click here. Behavioral questions and prompts (e.g., “Tell me about a time when you…”) can help a hiring manager understand your ability to do a job, because your answers are a good predictor of your future success. Expect behavioral questions to focus on the competencies required for you to excel in your target role. Our top five tips for successfully addressing behavioral questions are as follows: Brainstorm your six to eight biggest accomplishments. Make note of which competencies (e.g., leadership, teamwork, analytics, persuasion) each story addresses or can be tweaked to address. Start your story with a headline (i.e., a road map) that shows you are directly answering the question. And consider concluding your story by describing what you learned from the experience and/or how the experience makes you more interested in or qualified for the role. Use a structured framework to answer the question in a concise manner (roughly 90 to 120 seconds). Consider using the Situation-Actions-Result framework: • Situation  â€"  Give enough information that the hiring manager has sufficient context to understand your actions. (This part should account for approximately 10%â€"15% of your answer time.) • Actions  â€"  Describe the actions you took. Make sure your actions illustrate the attribute you are demonstrating. Speak in terms of “I” versus “we.” (This part should account for roughly 70% of your answer time.) • Result  â€"  What happened? Quantify your impact. What did you accomplish? How did your actions benefit the group, department, company, or client? (This part should account for approximately 10%â€"15% of your answer time.) Prepare for follow-up questions/prompts such as these: -What happened after that? -What did you say? -How did you feel about that? -Why did you decide to do that? -What was your thought process? -Tell me more about your interaction with X. -How did you achieve X? Practice, practice, and practice (out loud)! Think about your content as well as your delivery (word choice, confidence, nonverbal cues, etc.). Use these sample behavior questions/prompts to get started: Tell me about a time when you had to adjust to changes that were beyond your control. How did you handle that situation? Tell me about a time when you had to work on a team with someone with whom you did not get along. What happened? Tell me about a team project you led. Tell me about a time when you successfully resolved a conflict. Tell me about a time when you had to make a decision without having all the information you needed to do so. Tell me about a time when you had to “sell” an idea to coworkers or management. Tell me about a time when you had to analyze information and make a recommendation. Tell me about a situation in which you had to solve a difficult problem. Tell me about a time when you devised an innovative solution to a problem. Tell me about a time when you failed. Have you been admitted to business school? If so, do you want to get a head start on defining your career goals? Do you need help preparing for job interviews or learning how to effectively network with your target employers? Or maybe you want to be a top performer in your current role but are unsure how to maximize your potential. Let an mbaMission Career Coach help via a free 30-minute consultation! Share ThisTweet Career Advice MBA Career News

“the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”- Meaning of a...

All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. Many would agree with Earnest Hemingway’s broad statement, but it takes a keen eye to detect and appreciate the brilliant satire that Twain has interwoven throughout his novel. The most prominent topic of his irony is society. Twain questions the â€Å"civilized† nature of white society, which heavily idolizes slavery. Huckleberry is given nothing but contradictory ideas about what kind of boy he should be---on one side he has the â€Å"sivilized† white members of society who seek to â€Å"improve† him, but are not always the best people. On the other hand, Jim, whose character is just a lowly slave, is portrayed to be humane and kind in comparison to his superior†¦show more content†¦The tone of the story changes into something darker at this point, and we are reminded that Huck, although easily forgotten, is still a child that is supposed to be influenced b y his environment. Incredibly, this is not the case with Huck, for his morals are still good, despite all of the twisted and contradictory characters that have been in his life. Huck is always trying to escape from this cruel society, and ironically, he seeks out the presence of Jim. Whereas Pap symbolizes cruelty and ruthlessness in a father through his abusive tirades, Jim symbolizes the compassionate and caring figure that Pap, and all of the â€Å"superior† members of society, should be. Jim portrays the better half of society, and he ironically happens to be a slave, the ultimate inferior of society at the time. Twain uses Jim’s character to show how ridiculous the white society’s application of slavery and human inequality truly is. On page 92, Jim reflects on the story of King Solomon chopping his child in half. He says that if the king had many children, it would be acceptable for him to chop his child in half; in slavery, one life means little and is easily replaceable. Jim’s ideas seem appalling, but with deeper speculation, the reader can see that this is only what Jim has witnessed in his horrible experiences with slavery. Jim possesses a uniquely humane way of thinking, oneShow MoreRelatedThe Use of the Word - Nigger - in Twains Novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1238 Words   |  5 PagesSince 1884, when the book was first published, there has been much controversy regarding the use of the word â€Å"nigger† in the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. Many people all over the world, predominantly the African-American population, feel that the word demoralizes the Blacks, and feel that the novel should be strongly censored from society. Some say that the constant use of the â€Å"n-word† forces the reader to conceive one of the main characters, Jim (Huck’s slave friend), asRead MoreMark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the Theme of Nature1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain has many different, intertwining themes. The book spotlights the personal growth and development of the protagonist, Huckleberry Finn, through the theme of nature. The importance of nature is shown in several ways like the symbolis m of the Mississippi River, through the forest and Huck’s time spent living there, and by the argument of human nature versus civilization. While there are many different themes throughout the novel The Adventures of HuckleberryRead More Growth and Maturity in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain1190 Words   |  5 PagesMaturity in Huck Finn The theme of growth and maturity is portrayed heavily throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain which centers on Huck Finn, a rambunctious boy whose adventures with a runaway slave build him into a mature young man. The novel is a bildungsroman because it depicts the development and maturing of a young protagonist. In the first part of the story, Huck is seen as very immature. He struggles between doing what he wants and what society would have him doRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, is set roughly in the time period of 1835-1845. The setting is in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, which lies on the banks of the Mississippi River. The main characters of this novel are Huck Finn, Jim, and Tom Sawyer. Huck Finn is a very poor thirteen-year-old boy; his father is a drunk who often beats him. He is skeptical of the world he is living in, and he often qu estions what society has taught him. Overall, he represents whatRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Is, Indeed, A Magnificent1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is, indeed, a magnificent piece of work. Having said that, Mark Twain wrote this book with qualities that, without a doubt, classify it as a regional text. Twain illustrates specific features of the South such as geography, culture, dialect and characters, which, in turn, aid in adding flare to this notable style of writing. Twain captures the South remarkably through his depiction of the geography in a specific region, which in this case is the Mississippi RiverRead More Huck Finn Racism Essay630 Words   |  3 PagesBequot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In extreme cases the book, Huckleberry Finn, has been banned from some schools because of the depiction of racial tension towards Jim, the black slave, in Huckleberry Finn. This story takes place at a time where slavery was considered moral. Blacks were considered inferior to whites, but Huckleberry challenges the notion that he was raised upon. Through Huckleberryamp;#8217;s adventures Twain expresses his challenge towards civilizationamp;#8217;s rulesRead MoreThe Cultural Values Of This Southern Antebellum Time2321 Words   |  10 Pages1. While many people glaze over the title of this novel written by Mark Twain, there is certainly a deeper meaning. The word adventures conjures a feeling as though the story is simply about blithe and lighthearted experiences. To the contrary, this novel delves deeper into Huck’s moral development, morality, race, slavery and Southern society. Through the title, Twain outwits his audience into examining weighty issu es through the eyes of a naà ¯ve thirteen-year-old boy. 2. This classic novel isRead MoreEssay Mark Twain2590 Words   |  11 Pages Two of his best-known novels show this trait, in his Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain immortalized the sleepy little town of Hannibal, Missouri (the fictional St. Petersburg), as well as the steamboats which passed through it daily, in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The various characters are based on types which Twain encountered both in his hometown and while working as a riverboat pilot on the MississippiRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huck Finn By Mark Twain1868 Words   |  8 PagesIn the Adventures of Huck Finn, Mark Twain uses nature and the river to express the ideas of Huck’s and Jim’s freedom on the raft. However, the two characters encounter the restrictions of freedom through the civilization found on the shore. The continual shift of Huck and Jim’s setting from the shore to the river highl ights the comparisons and differences between the two. Mark Twain uses the personality and background of the characters, events on the raft and the shore, and imagery to help differentiateRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn3310 Words   |  14 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn opens by acquainting us with the occasions of the novel that went before it, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Both books are situated in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, which sits on the banks of the Mississippi River. Toward the end of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, who is the protagonist, narrator is a poor kid with a drunken father, and his companion Tom Sawyer, a working class kid, discovered a robber’s stash of gold. As a result, Huck picked up a considerable

The Physical Risk Of Abortions - 1379 Words

The Physical Risk of Abortions Abortions are the termination of a child based on the idea that the women who should be caring for the child will not be able to support the child, the child was the outcome of an unplanned pregnancy, the women is unfit to carry the child, or to even prevent from having a child with birth defects. Abortion has been the hot topic for debates around the world because of various views on ethics being greatly between the women s right to choose being it her body versus the belief every child has the right to live and it is unfair to take away the life of a child period. However, legal abortion laws vary throughout the world and in some places, are even nonexistent. Therefore, women illegally take part in†¦show more content†¦As Ansari and colleagues established, Less than one-third of (31%) correctly demonstrated the tasks required for high quality [post-abortion care] (5). While, Melese and colleagues found, There were a total of nine deaths with a case fatality rate of 1.5% wi th significant evidence of unsafe induced abortion like use of foreign bodies, vaginal laceration and others (10). Therefore, if Jig undergoes the illegal abortion her life would never be the same the complications. For instance, Jig would need to visit doctors frequently checkups and procedures to ensure her best possible health. Disability caused by abortions is a concern that Jig should be aware of for her case. As Dibaba and colleagues, researchers from WHO, disclose, Hemorrhage, sepsis, obstructed pregnancy, and hypertensive disorders are common disabilities that lead to death (2). The fact is that the abortionist may lack the skills, knowledge, and tools to prevent disabilities or even death. As Dibaba and colleagues show increased abortion care has proven to decrease physical risks although the risks are not completely gone. Also, Dibaba and collogues show, Providers at nonperforming facilities most often cited a lack of trained staff, equipment, and supplies as the reasons for nonperformance (9). Therefore, Jig faces great risk of various disabilities and lack of proper care. The disabilities listed by Dibaba and colleagues are common and extremeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Abortion That You Dont Know About Essay1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Abortion That You Dont Know About Many women that choose to have an abortion do not realize that it is a dangerous surgery with serious side effects. These side effects are both physical and psychological. Having an abortion is unnatural and interrupts this function of the human body. â€Å"The women’s body naturally resists the abortion, causing physical and emotional problems† (â€Å"Who does Abortion Affect?†). Almost all of theRead MoreGianna Jessen is a Survivor of Abortion1299 Words   |  5 PagesGianna Jessen who is now thirty-six, survived an abortion. At seventeen years old, her mother attempted to abort her using the saline procedure. Eventually, Gianna forced a birth after being in the solution for eighteen hours. She was put up for adoption after she was born and was diagnosed with cerebral palsy at an early age due to the saline burning. Around the world, abortion takes place on the daily basis and the government considers this form of murder legal. This brutal act of legal mu rderRead MoreEssay about A Woman Has NO Right to Choose Muder (Abortion)1418 Words   |  6 PagesIn our nation today, abortion is being used as another form of birth control. It is not until later, that the woman realizes the mistake she made. Abortion will continue to be taken for granted until it becomes illegal. Prohibiting abortion will prevent innocent babies from being deprived of life. Lets begin this essay by reading at a true life story of a woman who had an abortion. â€Å"I learned that I was pregnant at the age of eighteen, shortly after moving in with my boyfriend. Feeling scaredRead MoreThe Effects Of Abortion On Women s Body922 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is a personal decision that has been increasing over the years. Many women in the world are procuring this method, most likely if they have experienced rape, unsafe sex or lack knowledge about the consequences of unprotected intimacy. However, there are many side effects a woman receives after having an abortion that could either be temporary or permanent. For instance, many scholars and statistics agree with my statement on how abortion negatively affects a women’s body in many ways andRead MoreShould Abortion Remain Legal? The United States?1342 Words   |  6 Pages22 October 2015 Should Abortion Remain Legal in the United States? Approximately 57 million unborn children have been affected by the Supreme Court’s decision to legalize abortion since the Roe vs. Wade court case according to a study conducted by the Director of Education and Research at the National Right to Life Educational Trust Fund, Dr. Randall K. O’Bannon. If abortion remains legalized in the United States, it will only continue to contribute to the dangers of abortion that women are facedRead MoreA Christians View on Abortion Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesA Christians View on Abortion An Abortion is the medical procedure of inducing expulsion of a human foetus to terminate a pregnancy. Doctors use the term abortion to mean any death of a baby in the womb of its mother and the expulsion from the body. This sometimes happens at its own accord: this is usually called a miscarriage. However, what most of us mean by abortion is really a procured abortion. This is when the foetus or growing child is deliberately killedRead MoreAbortion : The Deliberate Termination Of A Human Pregnancy937 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Oxford dictionary, abortion is â€Å"the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks.† In 1973, Roe v. Wade, a major court case, made abortion legal after it was illegal. Justice Harry Blackmun ruled that abortion was supported under the United States Constitution and it violated the first, fourth, ninth, and fourteenth amendments, which all discuss privacy (pbs.org). No country should recognize abortion as a legal act because it is murderRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legalized972 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is killing over 1.4 million unborn children in a year (â€Å"They’re Not†). For example, there was the case where a doctor got arrested for killing seven babies and a patient. The clinic he had was described as the house of horror by detectives because doctor G osnell kept baby parts on a shelf in his clinic. In addition, it was said that he â€Å"forced the live birth of viable babies in the sixth, seventh, and eighth-month pregnancy and then killed those babies by cutting into the back of the neckRead More Psychological and Physical Side Effects of Abortion Essay869 Words   |  4 Pages Abortion was created to aid in certain situations in which a woman could not or did not want to give birth to a child and to care for the child. Abortion is a method in which the baby still in the mother’s womb or the living embryo/fetus is killed. Abortions will be performed for many reasons if it is an unwanted pregnancy for social and/or financial reasons or if there are medical circumstances with the child and/or the mother. A woman may be unable to carry the child or there may be congenitalRead MoreAbortion Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion Today, more than twenty-seven years since the legalization of abortion, over 30 million legal abortions have taken place in the United State. Abortions were widely used as a form of contraception in Poland when the communist party ruled the country. More than100, 000 abortions were carried out each year in Poland. To me, this issue, which is more than a simple question of women controlling their own bodies? It is a matter of life and death for an innocent human

Operations Management - 1693 Words

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Page 2 1. Acme Whistles case study What is the overlap between operations, marketing and product/service development at Acme Whistles? Page 3 2. Oxfam International case study What are the main issues facing Oxfam’s operations managers? Page 4 3. Formule 1 Mwagusi Safari Lodge 3.1 For each hotel, what is the role of technology and the role of operations Page 6 staff in delivering an appropriate level of service? 3.2 What are the main differences in the operations management challenges Facing the two hotels? Page 7†¦show more content†¦are flown out in short notice. It’s the operations Managers responsibility to ensure that the warehouse is stocked with necessary items; transporters are ready to dispatch items at short notice. The entire logistics operation is critical to ensure effective and timeous relief and supply distribution. oxfam international Assessment, Evaluation and Improvement – had to adopt a systematic approach to evaluating their successes and failures. They conducted real time evaluations to assess and influence emergency response. These exercises provided vital information about the effectiveness of their response and allowed them to make crucial adjustments to their process. Development, Education Awareness – majority of the people involved in Oxfam’s relief and aid programmed are volunteers. A key component of supplying aid and relief to communities is knowing the background of the people you assisting. Another key area of Oxfam’s operations is ‘Clean Water’, those involved in this programme, need to be well educated regarding water, sanitization and the environmental impacts. formule 1 mwagusi safari lodge 3.1 What are the role of technology and the role of operations staff in delivering an appropriate level of service for each hotel? Formule 1: Fomule 1 is one the few hotels that operate on two principles not always associated with the hotel industry, â€Å"Standardization and Technology†.Show MoreRelatedOperations Management : Operation Management1355 Words   |  6 PagesOperations Management Introduction Operations management is the activity of managing the resources that create and deliver services and products. The operations function is the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. Every organization has an operations function because every organization creates some type of services and/or products. However, not all types of organization will necessarily call the operations function by this name. Operations managers are the people who haveRead MoreOperation Management - Cadburyworld2493 Words   |  10 Pagestechnology to streamline the operation process) and facility costs (old and outdated facilities) at lowest possible. In return, they have to compromise low costs with their other objectives. The unskilled staffs and outdated facilities are compromised with the quality in the core process. For example, the brief video (facility) in the packaging plant is outdated and requires commentary notes from some guides. However, the unskilled guides are not familiar with the operations so they need to read fromRead MoreOperation Management And Operations Management2148 Words   |  9 PagesOperation management Introduction Being an operations manager is not an easy task, it involves good control and responsibilities for the major activities within the organisations in order to achieve goals that might be in form of services or in form of goods. The operation management roles may be different from business to business depending on the size and resources available, each organisation has its own operations functions, and in order to produces goods or services they have to convert theRead MoreImportance Of Production And Operations Management2317 Words   |  10 Pagesthe production and operation of enterprises. In order to remain competitive, companies in different countries have different factors of competitive advantage. A clear competitive advantage is the key to gain success in production and operation management. An effective operations management is the foundation of enterprise competitive advantage and the fundamental guarantee to realize corporate strategy. This essay deals with the importance of production and operations management in the enterprise,Read MoreOperations Management : Operation Management Essay2171 Words   |  9 PagesOperation Management Operations administration concentrates on precisely dealing with the procedures to create and circulate items and administrations. Operations administration is the procedure, which joins and changes different assets utilized as a part of the creation/operations subsystem of the association into quality included item/benefits in a controlled way according to the arrangements of the association. In this way, it is that part of an association, which is worried with the changeRead MoreOperation Management2751 Words   |  12 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1. OPERATION MANAGEMENT 3 1.1. DEFINITION OF OPERATION MANAGEMENT 3 1.2. THE ROLE OF OPERATION MANAGER 3 1.3. RELATIONSHIP OF OPERATION MANAGEMENT WITH OTHER CORE FUNCTIONS 3 2. CASE STUDIES 3 2.1. HEATHROW INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 3 2.2. NESTLÉ UK CHOCOLATE FACTORY 3 3. MAJOR UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE STUDY 3 4. CONCLUSIONS 3 REFERENCES 3 1. Operation Management For the success of an organization, the management crew plays a major role. An organizational structure is based on differentRead MoreOperations Management986 Words   |  4 PagesOPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Select two organisations that you are familiar with – one with a service output and one with a product output, and compare and contrast these organisations with respect to the following aspects: 1.1 The process of transformation of inputs to outputs 1.2 Process and Capacity design 1.3 Supply Chain management 1.4 Scheduling Operations Management refers to the management of the production system that transforms inputs into finished goods and services, (http://csuponomaRead MoreOperation Management2436 Words   |  10 PagesOPERATION MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT TO ALL BUSINESS To be able produce specialized managers capable of fulfilling strategic tasks within business and government enterprises the need for the practice of operations management cannot be forgone. Operations management is very significant in business operations since it forms the heart of the organisation by controlling the system of operation. Operations management deals with the design, operation, and enhancement of the systems that generate and deliverRead MoreOperations Management Chapter 18 Manual1950 Words   |  8 PagesChApter 18 Management of Waiting Lines Teaching Notes Some of the math and calculations can be left out in order to focus more clearly on the concepts of waiting lines. For example, all infinite source problems, including single channel (except constant service time) can be handled using the infinite source queuing table. In the past, queuing presented students with a good bit of computational requirements, and because of that, students frequently lost sight of the underlying concepts. WithRead MoreOperations Management1791 Words   |  8 PagesQUESTION 1 Operations management must be managed properly in order to improve an organization’s productivity and profitability. In the Cadbury World case, several micro and macro processes are involved and those processes bring some impacts to Cadbury World. Thus, Cadbury World must possess a sustainable micro and macro processes to achieve the best outcome and performance. Micro processes that involved are easily to manage compared to macro processes because macro processes are hard to manage

Conflict and Negotiation Communicating

Question: Discuss about theConflict and Negotiationfor Communicating. Answer: Introduction When people come together, differences are bound to occur. We come from different social backgrounds. We subscribe to different beliefs. We look at life from varying and diverse perspective. We may not have the same approach of communicating. Efforts to harmonize these differences can be a hard nut to crack. They lead to conflict hence the emergence of the need for negotiation. Solving conflicts is constructive. Therefore, for the interest of the smooth running of the activities, the company should adhere to applying proper and peaceful means to solving conflicts. One of those means can be negotiating. This paper offers an explanation on literature done on conflict and negotiation. We will begin by defining key concepts and conclude with application. Conflict For one to diagnose a problem there needs to be an understanding of what he problem is. In the same way, we need to know what conflict so as to reduce or eliminate it. Simply speaking, conflict indicates a difference as a result of peoples interaction (Hedges, 2015). This difference can be communicated both verbally and non-verbally. Conflicts occur in all communication contexts i.e. intrapersonal, interpersonal and group communication (Johns, 2016). From a personal perspective, it is a point one feels that his/her interests are being opposed by another party. From an organizational perspective, conflict is the result of opposing interests involving scarce resources, goal divergence and frustration (Ramsbothan, 2016). Being a result of interaction, conflict is normal. There are two types of conflicts; destructive and constructive conflict (Nuru, 2014). Constructive conflict is helpful. Normally it indicates on something missing. If that thing is provided, it can add value to the productivity of the organization. Destructive conflict often destroys what took a long time to build. It neither has a basis, nor goodwill intention at heart (Hedges, 2015). Conflict Management This is the stage where we try to harmonize our differences in so as to coexist peacefully with others. Conflict management is not a stag e, it is a process. It is not a one-time thing; it is continuous (Stamato, 2014). It is a collective role that needs everyones contribution. This is process creates a thin line between destructive and constructive conflict (Sumita, 2011). Many scholars have defined conflict management as the process of applying different strategies for the purposes of containment of conflict without necessarily solving it (Sumita, 2011). It may not solve a conflict, but forms a foundation for doing so. It is the process of eliminating destructive elements of a conflict. It provides a platform for solving a conflict on a neutral and peaceful basis (Ramsbothan, 2016). As mentioned earlier, conflicts can destroy in order to solve it; there has to be an elimination of the destructive elements. Eliminating destructive elements transforms the conflict into a constructive one (Thangarathinam, 2015). Conflict Resolution This term is closely related to conflict management. Many authors use them two interchangeably implying that they are synonymous but they are not. Conflict resolution refers to the resolution of the underlying incompatibilities in a conflict and mutual acceptance of each partys existence (Sumita, 2011). Conflict resolution can be both formal and informa (Vertino, 2014)l. It can either apply proper and designated principles or in an open and predictable process (Yuan, 2015). For the purpose of this topic, we will need to look at the distinction between conflict management and conflict resolution as put out by other authors. Conflict Management and Resolution Many researchers claim that conflict management is a tool for conflict resolution (Kalat, 2013). That is, to resolve a conflict we need conflict management. Some scholars have also argued that the two perform similar roles but on different levels. That is conflict resolution is meant to solve a current conflict so that business can move on as usual while conflict management solves deeper and underlying issues over a certain period of time (Jumbert, 2016). Negotiation Negotiations play a major role in both social and professional life. Without it, we may not end up fulfilling our needs. Different scholars have defined negotiation differently. It all depends on context. For the purpose of this paper, we will only look at how other authors have defined negotiation from a business or management point of view and in relation to conflict. It is a process where conflicting parties attempt to re- solve their divergent goals by redefining the terms of their interdependence (Vertino, 2014). This definition implies that negotiation is a one of the methods used in conflict resolution. Similarly, negotiation has been defined as using information and communication in order to arrive at a solution that is acceptable to all the parties (Hedges, 2015). Most negotiation process end up in a win-win situations hence many prefer it when solving a conflict (Juan, 2015). Conflict Process Model This section will offer an explanation of conflict life cycle. A conflict takes time before manifesting itself. A conflict process model contains different processes happening at different phase of a conflict. The process begins with sources of conflict. As mentioned earlier, a conflict occurs when we feel like our interests are being opposed by others and where there is competition for unequally distributed resources in an organization as well as differences in goal (Sumita, 2011). Conflicts are caused by incompatible goals, differentiation, interdependence, scarce resources, ambiguous rules and communication problems (Vertino, 2014). Consequently, conflict sources enable one to be aware of the existence of conflict hence the next stage of the process model is perception and emotions. Perceiving our interests and goals as being different from others causes and emotional reaction (Johns, 2016). Conflict perception and emotions lead to conflict manifestation. This is where we show the existence of conflict. People choose to exhibit conflict differently depending on its degree (Stamato, 2014). Conflict manifestation varies from non-verbal communication to aggressive and violent behaviours. Moreover, manifestation includes the style one employs to resolve a conflict (Hedges, 2015). The last stage of the model is conflict outcome. This is the end result of a conflict. The outcomes may be positive or negative and it all depends on how the conflict was handled (Sumita, 2011). Positive conflict outcomes may include team cohesion, better decisions and responsive organization while the negative outcomes may be distorted information, lower performance, employee turnover and politics (Sumita, 2011). Conflict Resolution through Negotiation Negotiations happen on a daily basis. Sometimes we do not even know that we are negotiating. To be a good negotiator, you have to have that right information. Also you have to learn to read people so as to know how to reveal information (Nuru, 2014). Chances are you do not want to reveal too much information and get less. Negotiation involves balancing making compromises for others needs (Johns, 2016). In resolving a conflict, negotiation undergoes through three major points: Initial offer point, target point and resilience (Miller, 2014). The initial offer point is the stage when a party communicates his/her offer to the other party. What follows is the target point where the communication about what is expected is made (Miller, 2014). The resilience point is the last stage of a negotiation process and it where a party will make no further concessions (Nuru, 2014). Theory of Conflict This theory states that tensions and disagreement grow when resources, status, and power are unevenly distributed between groups in a society, these conflicts become the agent of a social change (Kalat, 2013). This theory in Karl Marx work which focused on the causes and effects of class conflicts between owners of production means with capitalists and the working class considered to be poor (Kalat, 2013). Karl Max states that conflict rides on the existence of a powerful minority class and oppressed majority. This coexistence leads to a conflict in class because there is uneven distribution of resources. Face-Negotiation Theory It was developed by Stella Ting-Toomey. The general idea behind this theory is that the difference in handling conflicts can be part of maintaining a face in the society (Kalat, 2013). Face is identity, persona and public image (Nuru, 2014). Additionally, conflict styles differ depending on culture. This theory focuses on people from two cultures: Collectivist and individualistic cultures. The following are the central points of the theory: It is critical to comprehend the significance of face for a person and the need for maintaining that face. Collectivist cultures avoid or integrate conflict while individualistic cultures dominate conflict so as to maintain an independent face in the society. Status generates power. Stella then classifies conflicts into 5 categories based on the above factors. The first type is domination. It is an individualistic approach to decision making in conflicts through dominating or taking control (Kalat, 2013). Avoiding type of conflict style is a collectivist approach of not being involved in a conflict (Stamato, 2014). The next type is obliging which involves giving up on a conflict and it is used by collectivist. Compromising is an individualistic approach that involves negotiating in order to arrive at a solution (Kalat, 2013). Lastly, integrating which involves coming together to reach a solution (Kalat, 2013). This theory can be applied in interpersonal and group communication contexts. Diagnostic Tools Results I used three diagnostic tools namely: The Big 5 personality test, The Thomas Khilman Conflict mode Questionnaire and The Belbin team inventory. The Big Five Test showed that I am a relaxed person who finds it easy to express emotions and seek out new experiences. However, the test found that I am neither particularly social nor reserved. The Thomas Khilman Conflict Questionnaire showed that my strongest conflict resolution style can be compromising especially when collaboration and competition fails to apply in the set up. Lastly, The Belbin Team inventory showed that I am more of a complete finisher type of a person in a group. This means that I am goal-oriented and my focus is normally on accomplishing a task at whatever cost. Judging by the results from the three tools, I can say that they relate. When put together, they can describe my personality type and how I approach conflicts well. Being a finisher means getting rid of stumbling blocks to as to achieve a goal. To avoid wastage of time and resources, one can compromise others needs. Comparison to the Literature Review The diagnostic tools included variables that are important in conflict resolution. From the Thomas Khilman Questionnaire tool, I found that I am best at compromising. It is a technique discussed earlier in the process of negotiation where we are willing to forego some of our needs to accommodate others. In the same way, the diagnostic tools give a range of reaction to situations meaning that people react different to conflicts as mentioned in the literature review. From the Face-Negotiation theory we are told that the differences are due to cultural diversity. Judging by the way many companies are embracing the use of diagnostic tools tests alongside IQ tests, it means that they are quiet important. Apart from using them for personal discovery, they can also be used by others to know us for example potential employers (Woodhouse, 2014). Personality inventories serve a variety of purposes. First, they make people aware of their thinking, emotions and emotional make-up (Johns, 2016). Then, they teach people on the correlation between their actions and others reaction (Johns, 2016). Lastly, they enable people to regulate our emotions through cutting on the negative and reinforcing the positive traits (Sumita, 2011). These tests are valid for personality evaluation because they ensure that a set objective is achieved (Kalat, 2013). For example, Team work and Team roles inventory is used to determine a persons capability of working in a group set-up peaceful. Although these inventories are helpful, sometimes they only cause more harm than good. This is so in the employment field. These tools are subjective; they are based on someones understanding of something and not necessarily facts (Kalat, 2013). When hiring, the focus should be on what someone can do and not on what he/she feels at that particular time (Stamato, 2014). Therefore, it is unjust to use information gotten from these tests to judge on a persons potential. Areas of Improvement I found the diagnostic tools rather long and tiresome to take. For example, the Big 5 personality test has a total of 46 questions. To get accurate results one has to answer all of them. Since most questions area almost asking about the same thing, they should be combined into one. Shortening the tool length ensures the following: One has fun while conducting the test One takes enough time to think about a question before answering. One provides accurate answers The second area of improvement would be simplifying the scoring sheets and making them more comprehensive to the users. The basis of taking these tests is to be able to understand yourself more. You cannot gauge yourself if you do not comprehend the results well. Therefore I suggest that the tests scoring sheet be made simpler to interpret. There are a number of activities that can be used in Conflict and negotiation. In this section, I will highlight some of these activities and their importance. The first one is Training managers to be mediators. The main focus of this activity is using the top management of an organization to oversee on ways of reducing or toning down conflict related cases. As a matter of fact, more managers get several cases of conflict among the employees but consequently fail to address such cases because of their inability to do so. Proper training of these managers thus comes with hope of reducing conflict because, based on the knowledge from training, they will b in a position to solve the conflict. Benchmarking is another activity to be used in understanding conflict and negotiation. An organization can organize for its employees to go to a more established organization to study the interaction between employees within that organization. In this activity, the employees may learn from their fellows how to manage conflict and negotiation cases related cases. Similarly, clarification of roles can help a great deal in avoiding conflicts, especially the conflicts related to roles. Each employee should have hi/her roles clearly stated to avoid potential conflicts arising from roles of the employees. An organization should also conduct workshops aimed at enlightening the employees on the importance of conflict and negotiation. Experts should be invited to provide the right and useful information to the employees regarding the need for harmony and unity in the work places. This ensures that the organization members focus is on achieving the companys goals since the members will now when to resolve a conflict and when to apply negation as a resolution for the same. The last activity is holding or sending employees to conferences whose themes are related to conflict and negotiation. Conferences serve as a source of further knowledge that is supplementary to a persons qualifications. Most Conferences are conducted annually or on a monthly basis. A company may choose to hold its own conference. Many organizations have been brought to the ground because of failing to apply effective ways of solving a conflict. Therefore, an entity should channel enough resources towards the above mentioned activities so as to avoid the wrath of conflict and failing to effectively applying negotiation. References Hedges, K. (2015, June 5). How To Manage Conflict. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com Johns, G. D. (2016). Conflict Managementment and Peace Science. SageJournals , 20-45. Juan, A. D. (2015). The Ba'thist Blockout? Selective Goods Provision and Political Violence in the Syrian Civil War. Journal Of Peace Research , 20-30. Jumbert, G. E. (2016). 2016. Moving Media and Conflict Stuies Beyond CNN Effect , 15-30. Kalat, J. (2013). An Introduction To Psychology 10th Edition. North Carolina: North Carolina State University. Miller, O. (2014). The Negotiation Style : A Comparative Study between the Stated and in-Practice Negotiation Style. Science Direct , 200-209. Nuru, A. (2014, May 23). Between Layers: Understanding the Communicative Negotiation of Conflict Identities by Transgender individuals. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.com Ramsbothan, O. (2016). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Bradford: Bradford University. Stamato, L. (2014). The nw Age Of Negotiation. Ivey Business Journal , 5-10. Sumita, B. (2011, March 2). Conflict Management. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from Oxford Bibliographies: https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com Thangarathinam, R. R. (2015). Optimizing Negotiation Conflict in the Cloud Service. The Scientific Journal , 15. Vertino, K. (2014). Effective Interpersonal Communication. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing , 5-10. Woodhouse, O. R. (2014). The Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Bradford: Bradford University Press. Yuan, W. (2015). Conflict Mangement in China. International Journal of Conflict Management , 20-30.

Selling Electric Bicycles an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Selling Electric Bicycles Entry to the Market To advertise electric bicycles in the market, it is important to tap into the significance of using electricity-run bicycles and the implications of using electric bicycles to current economic situations and environmental conditions. Advertising should be framed within the context of cheaper transportation expenses due to the global problem of increasing oil prices. Moreover, the greenhouse effect phenomenon and global warming are also relevant issues that advertising should address. (Novey, 2007) Utilizing electric bicycles as a means of transportation is also advantageous to an inpiduals health, fitness, and lifestyle. (EV World, 2005) Need essay sample on "Selling Electric Bicycles" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed With this in mind, advertising strategies should reiterate the importance of electric bicycles to the economy. Advertising slogans and campaigns should address economic problems, and compare daily expenses when it comes to purchasing oil for cars and utilizing electric bicycles as an option. It should also incorporate the concept of going clean and green lessening air pollutants that damage the environment and cause uncontrollable global changes such as the warming of the atmosphere. On the lighter side of advertising content, slogans and campaigns should illustrate the impact of electric bicycles to an inpiduals health as well as its contribution to leisure and entertainment. Advertising should be massive, reaching out to perse populations (Shah, 2008) such as families (advertising cycling as a means of family bonding and entertainment while at the same time producing a health family life and environment), business men (advertising cycling as cutting down oil expenses and practicing corporate responsibility of an organization), young population (advertising cycling as a means of leisure and adventure, and also integrating young and hip designs for electric bicycles that would appeal to the target population), etc. Massive advertising should employ a variety of techniques and media in marketing, such as ads in the newspaper, magazines with the incorporation of graphic materials and attractive phrases for slogans or headings (eHow, 2008), radio and television advertisements, promotional activities with exhibits in populous places such as shopping malls, implementing introductory prices and unique items or limited edition items, and also through online advertising. Competitors Competitors in the Australian Market are plenty. There are established electric vehicle industries that have been operating for a long time that penetrating the Australian market seems impossible. Australian Electric Vehicles offer a variety of transport goods that are run by electricity including bicycles. The company has been operating for more than twenty five years in the transportation industry. (AEV, 2008) The Electric Bicycle Co. is another Australian-based company that manufactures and sells electric bicycles. (The Electric Bicycle Co., 2007) These companies are just two of the many companies that heighten competition in the electric bicycle industry. In order to compete with established electric vehicle companies in Australia, a distinguishing factor that would increase chances to compete in the industry is through the lowered prices of electric bicycles manufactured in China. Although operating cost is extremely low, it does not neglect quality and design. It is identified that operating cost is less expensive because of cheaper labor cost operated by trained and skilled laborers in the field. High population of trained and skilled workers in China result to faster output production therefore allowing speedy transport and delivery to Australia. (Wikinvest, 2008) Delivery Warehousing is one excellent way for fast transaction and delivery to consumers. The concept of warehousing is to situate a building in Australia where shipment will be stored for electric bicycles in this essay. Orders from consumers from the exhibit, flyers, catalog, or online list of electric bicycles will be delivered immediately from the warehouse after closing a transaction. Shipments from China will be done on a regular basis based on volume, line of design, etc. Partnership with cargo ship companies will allows fast and efficient transport of goods from China to an Australian-based warehouse. Special or custom-made orders will be directly communicated to China. Customers in Australia may also purchase directly from stores or ask for home delivery. References AEV. (2008). Australian Electric Vehicles. Retrieved August 30, 2008, from Australian Electric Vehicles. eHow. (2008). How to Market perse Populations. Retrieved August 30, 2008, from eHow, Inc. The Electric Bicycle Co. (2007). The Electric Bicycle Co. Retrieved August 30, 2008, from The Electric Bicycle Co. Website: http://www.electricbicycle.com.au/index.html EV World. (2005). Can You Really Exercise on an Electric Bicycle? Retrieved August 30, 2008, from EV World. Website: http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=7623 Novey, J. (2007). The Case for Electric Bicycles. Retrieved August 30, 2008, from Co-op America Foundation, Inc. Website: http://www.coopamerica.org/pubs/realmoney/articles/ElectricBikes.cfm Shah, A. (2008). Media and Advertising. Retrieved August 30, 2008, from Global Issues. Website: http://www.globalissues.org/article/160/media-and-advertising Wikinvest. (2008). Outsourcing to China. Retrieved August 30, 2008, from Wikinvest. Website: http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/Outsourcing_to_China

Mastering Stress for Optimum Performance essays

Mastering Stress for Optimum Performance essays Mastering Stress for Optimum Performance Stress has been around from the beginning of time and it will be here till the end. Stress and challenges have brought about greats like Martin Luther King, Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X. Eustress is needed in our lives to make this world exciting and fulfilling. On the other hand, distress can be unhealthy and sometimes lethal. The American Association statistics show that 50% of all diseases are preventable, if people could learn to handle the emotional and physical stress in their lives. A century ago, infectious diseases claimed the lives of thousands around the world and this was mainly caused by poor environmental conditions. Today, the leading cause of death in America is chronic diseases and this is primarily based on a persons lifestyle. In this paper I will briefly discuss the history of stress and the different causes of stress. I will also mention several stress management techniques. According to the Websters dictionary, stress is a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension. Stress is the tension our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing environment. The stress that I am referring to is negative stress and it can result in feelings of distrust, rejection, anger, and depression. There is also a positive stress and this type of stress induces us to action and it results in a new awareness or a new perspective. Stress comes in all shapes and sizes. There is the stress of divorce, bereavement, poverty, social isolation, child rearing and a few others. In order to live happy and healthy lives we must all learn to manage our level of stimulation so that our stress stays at an optimum level. (American Institute, 1994) In the 1930s, a biologist named Hans Selye was the first scientist to conduct a complete study of stress and its relationship to diseases. Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome had three sim...

Infrastructure Issues in India Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Infrastructure Issues in India - Term Paper Example This paper attempts to evaluate existing infrastructural issues in India and how they affect the country’s overall economic prospects. India’s poor infrastructure is a huge obstacle towards the country’s overall economic growth prospects. In essence, India is among the fastest growing economies in Asia and the world in general though its huge growth projects have been hindered by the extremely poor infrastructure found in the subcontinent. The paper further examines the relevant frailties in India’s infrastructure evaluating the available options for improvement and better performance. To underscore the infrastructural issues of India and its needs, the paper will conduct a comparative analysis between India and China as regards infrastructure. Conceivably Indian infrastructural planning has been below the standards resulting into substandard infrastructures. Economic growth requires adequate and quality infrastructure, which serves as a huge aid towards d evelopment and economic activity. Poor infrastructure, on the other hand, hinders basic economic activities and dilutes government’s attention on crucial economic matters. For better economic performance, it is essential to have an infrastructure that can support the economy and its business activities. Therefore, it is of great importance that India elevates its infrastructure to an advanced level that can support its economic and growth perspectives. In essence, India needs to consider the investment in power, energy, healthcare, water/waste management and address policies supporting the development of infrastructure. Such an approach will go along way in boosting the country’s infrastructural levels providing it with the necessary impetus to pursue its ambitious economic endeavors. Statistically, more than half of India’s shipment and 80 percent of traveler traffic moves on the freeway network, which largely comprises two-lane roads. The country has 700 kilom eters of thruways, mostly reserved for cars, buses and trucks. Most of the expressways with four lanes run through Ahmedabad and Vadodara as well as between Pune and Mumbai. China, on the other hand, has 74,000 kilometers of superhighways up from 147 kilometers in 1989 (Huang 3). Therefore, is far much behind China in the road network and though India’s has ambitious infrastructural projects it will take a long time for the subcontinent to catch up with China. In August 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh developed a goal of constructing 20 kilometers of new highways a day as a fraction of efforts to advance infrastructure graded below Kazakhstan’s and Guatemala’s, according to the World Economic Forum. The daily standard was 4.5 kilometers in 2011, according to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. India endeavors to expend as much as $1 trillion in five years on power plants, roads, and ports (Sundaram 1). India may use $5.3 billion tripling the span of its expre ssway network to reduce traffic jams that are slowing commerce, wasting fuel, in addition to sapping economic growth. The country proposes to add approximately 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) of highways with at least six lanes. In an interview, Raghav Chandra -who is the joint secretary at the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways- confirmed that India has great plans to refurbish its road network so as to create an enabling environment for trade and overall economic

Recommendations for non price barriers to entry Essay

Recommendations for non price barriers to entry - Essay Example i. Larson needs to subtly and powerfully draw public's attention to its "staying power" and one of the top leaders in the market considering that it has a presence of over 5 years and 15 years in the USA and Germany respectively. ii. The company should build and strengthen its image as a responsible corporate by enhancing its presence in the community through initiatives and participatory events. This could heighten the positivism of the brand of the company and could be a clear differentiator since community events are also caught by media and do not involve additional advertising. 2) Internal Cost Cutting: The Company needs to critically analyze its cost structure and find ways and means to optimize costs instead of increasing prices. This will ensure higher profit margins and allow company to reduce product prices potentially attracting new customers. 3) Expansion to new markets: Larsen's presence is currently limited to only 2 counties which are currently in recession. It needs to expand into newer / growth oriented markets like Asia and Africa. It needs to consider organic and inorganic growth through acquisitions, mergers, setting up subsidiaries and tie-ups with local companies in other countries and homes countries too. 5) Outsourcing: Larsen can critically analyze the feasibility of moving its manufacturing bases to

Effect of Smoking on Division of Attention

Effect of Smoking on Division of Attention ABSTRACT The basic objective of this study is to see whether smoking significantly affects the division of attention of an individual. Smoking can be defined as the process in which any substance, usually tobacco is rolled and burnt and the smoke that is released is inhaled. There is evidence that smoking is harmful to the brain at the functional and morphological level (Swan Lessov-Schlaggar, 2007). Division of attention can be defined as the person’s ability to attend to two or more tasks at a single time. Snowball Sampling was used to select 60 participants, 30 Smokers (N=30) and 30 Non-Smokers (N=30). A screener developed by Fagerstrom called the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (1978) was used to screen the participants after which the Division of Attention Experiment by Shailaja Bhagwat was administered. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in the division of attention between smokers and non-smokers (t=0.27, t=0.38, t=0.009, t=0.22). They both had n early the same divisions of attention between physical and mental tasks. INTRODUCTION Smoking: There are approximately about 2 billion smokers all over the world. (WHO, 2013) Smoking can be defined as the process in which any substance, usually tobacco is rolled and burnt, and the smoke that is released is inhaled. This practice was started as a recreational one in which an active substance like for example nicotine is made available to the blood stream through the lungs (Gatley Wilbert). The most common method of this practice of smoking is through cigarettes. There are other methods of this practice too like the use of bidis, bongs, cigars, hookah, pipes and vaporizers to name a few. A 2007 report states that, each year, about 4.9 million people worldwide die as a result of smoking. (West, Robert Shiffman, 2007.) Among the many substances used for smoking, tobacco is by far the most widely used substance which is addictive because of the nicotine content. The history of smoking can date back to as early as 5000 BC when it was used for religious ceremonies. The use of tobacco products is increasing globally, though in some higher and middle income countries its use is decreasing. The global prevalence is 48% for adult males and 12% for adult females. There are about 1/3 of the adults worldwide, who smoke, that is an approximate of about 2.0 billion smokers around the world including child smokers. (WHO 2013) A few reasons as to why people start smoking can be: having parents who smoke, siblings who smoke, friends who smoke, the freedom that they have to do what they want, peer pressure, low academic achievements, their daily surrounding, that is, having co-workers or people they are usually surrounded with being chain smokers, economic background or even life in the urban environment to an extent. An individual might just start smoking as a result of a social gathering or a party which becomes an addiction later on. Smoking is most prevalent in the age group of 18-25. It is stated that there are about 1000 smokers at the age of 18 and below who start smoking (WHO 2013). There are various reasons and causes for such a trend. This age group is the most prone to getting addicted to smoking as individuals in this age bracket are most easily swayed in their decisions and get addicted most easily. Once addicted to the use of any substance, tobacco generally, it gets very difficult for individuals to leave this habit. According to statistics by the World Health Organization we have more male smokers (35% developed 50% developing) than female smokers (22% developed 9% developing). These statistics show a rather large number of women smoking, especially in the developed countries we see that a lot of women smoking. Division of Attention: Division of attention (Multi-Tasking) is the process in which an individual’s attention is divided between two tasks. The talent of multitasking is when an individual knows how to juggle the time and attention spent between the two tasks well so as to give equal amount of attention to both so that it doesn’t look like there is any amount of partiality or preference given to a specific task on hand. One is said to be good at multi-tasking when one is able to perform both the tasks at the best of their abilities without being overworked or stressed. Since the 1990s experimental psychologists have tried to understand the nature and limits of human multitasking. In dichotic listening, subjects are apparently unable to attend simultaneously to two concurrent, auditory speech messages. However, in two experiments reported here, it is shown that people can attend to and repeat back continuous speech at the same time as taking in complex, unrelated visual scenes, or even while sight-readingpiano music. In both cases performance with dividedattentionwas very good, and in the case of sight-reading was as good as with undivided attention. There was little or no effect of the dual task on the accuracy of speech shadowing. (Allport, Antonis Reynold, 1971) Attention, it can be described as the process of focusing in ones field of awareness. Our attention can be commanded by a number of factors. Two of the main factors that can do so are: Objective factors such as intensity, size, movement, distinctiveness etc. Subjective factors such as, an individual’s needs, motives, interests, past experiences etc. The intensity of attention given to a specific stimulus is affected by the presence of another stimulus that is competing for one’s attention. This is known as shifting of attention. Shifting of attention is necessary for perception as it prevents negative adaptation. Another phenomenon which is related to attention is known as the distraction of attention. As we already know what is shifting of attention, distraction of attention is when the attention wavers and gets back to the previous stimuli. There are maximum numbers of stimuli that can be responded to in a particular period of attention. This maximum amount of attention that can be referred to in this particular period is called the span of attention. How a person can divide their attention has to do with that person’s intelligence (Sternberg Sternberg, 2012). Researchers Navon and Gopher (1979) theorized a modality model which explains the basics of attention mainly divided between various simple tasks and not between various complex tasks. There are various variables that play a role in our ability to pay attention or to concentrate on the many tasks that are to be performed at once. A few of those variables are anxiety, arousal, the difficulty of the tasks to be performed and the skills that an individual possesses. Relation between Smoking and Division of Attention: When we look back to studies done in the past on these two topics, we have many, but when it comes to a study involving both these topics we have hardly any studies. We have many researches on smoking and its effect on health, cognition, effect of nicotine on the brain activity during the performance of a task, impact of smoking on the performance of an individual, as well as studies on the effect of smoking during pregnancy on the performance of a child after its birth. An accumulation of evidence suggests that smoking may be reinforcing, in part, due to nicotines capacity to enhance the process of attention, but correspondingly, the stimulus-filter model of nicotine reinforcement asserts that nicotine increases cognitive performance by acting as a stimulus-barrier, thereby screening and preventing the irrelevant and annoying stimuli from the smokers awareness. (Kassel, 1997) Some studies that have been performed on smoking and the performance of an individual, either cognitive or social both say that smoking usually has a negative impact or rather they say that smoking reduces the cognitive and physical performance of an individual.It was found that while cigarette smoking had no negative effect upon performance for simple perceptual tasks, smoking was found to exert measurable negative effects upon performance for more complex information processing tasks (Spilich, June Renner, 1992). There is a scientific background for the decrease in the physical performance of an individual who smokes. Smoking reduces the capacity of an individual to do work as the oxygen available to the body is reduced. When we inhale smoke from a cigarette, we introduce the carbon monoxide into the blood. The carbon monoxide combines with the hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxy-hemoglobin which reduces the amount of oxygen that is carried in the blood. The lesser the available oxygen, the lesser the physical endurance, the lesser the endurance, the weaker the individual. Prolonged smoking causes irreversible lung damage. A study recently done in Kings College London tells us that smoking spoils the brain by damaging memory, learning and reasoning as well (Smoking Rots the Brain Lowers Cognitive Performance, November 2012). Smoking just a single cigarette can immediately affect physical capability in exercise when the inhaled carbon monoxide binds to red blood cells, displacing oxygen and preventing its delivery to muscle cells. In fact, a study at UCLA found that young adults experience a four percent decrease in oxygen uptake right after smoking. It has long been known that smokers tend to be less physically active than nonsmokers, and vice versa. For instance, a study in Public Health Reports found smokers are more likely to quit supervised exercise programs. Another study found that male high school students who were less physically active than their peers were twice as likely to smoke. There hasn’t been a specific study on the effect that smoking has on the division of attention. Generally the division of attention is usually different for different individuals. Smokers perform one physical and one mental task at a time. They are hence â€Å"multitasking† or rather dividing their attention in such a way that they are spending enough time performing both the tasks but to what level of their ability? Smokers are better at Division of Attention. The above mentioned hypothesis is one study or rather one topic that has not been widely studied under the vast topic of smoking especially in the Indian contest. There have been various studies on the effect of smoking on performance as well as the capacity of an individual to divide their attention between two tasks. Will the division of attention among non-smokers be greater than the division of attention among smokers? OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is a significant difference in the division of attention between smokers and non-smokers while performing two tasks simultaneously. HYPOTHESIS There is a significant difference between the division of attention of smokers and non-smokers while performing two tasks simultaneously. METHOD Participants: A sample size of 60 students (n=60) within the age group of 18-22 with all of them from a middle class background, studying in college and from the city of Hyderabad were selected on the basis of Random Sampling. They were divided into two groups of 30 each i.e. smoker and non-smokers. These two groups were further divided into 15 girls and 15 boys each. Before giving them the screener itself, the purpose of the study was explained and a signed informed consent was taken from the students. Participation inclusion criteria: Students between the ages of 18-22 Pursuing bachelor’s degree from any college Students who were smokers Participation exclusion criteria: Students above the age of 22 or below 18 Students working part time or full time Instruments: The Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Scale (FTND) was used as a screener for the smokers. It is a 6 question scale which shows the levels of dependence on nicotine. Anybody who has moderate to high dependency (score of 5 or above) on this scale is considered a smoker. This scale was developed by Fagerstrom in 1978 titled Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire which was later called the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND: Heatherton et al., 1991). After this the Division of Attention (different variables) by Dr. (Smt.) Shailaja Bhagwat was given to the participants, which involved the performance of 4 tasks. Each task was to be performed only for two minutes, that too each task had 3 sub tasks. The students were explained what each and every task was very carefully and if they had any doubts, those doubts were cleared too. The 4 tasks in brief were: one Physical and one Mental Simple Tasks (separately as well as simultaneously) one Physical Simple Task and one Mental Complex Task (separately as well as simultaneously) one Physical Complex and one Mental Complex Task (separately as well as simultaneously) one Physical and Mental Complex Task (separately as well as simultaneously) ANALYSIS The statistics that were used on the raw data were: Mean Standard Deviation T-Test RESULTS The hypothesis states that there is a significant difference between the division of attention between smokers and non-smokers. The Statistics used were: Mean: The Mathematical Average of a set of numbers. Standard Deviation: Measures how spread out the data is. T-Test: Measures if there is a significant difference between two variables. The results got do not support the hypothesis which states that there is a significant difference in the division of attention between smokers and non-smokers. Table 1 shows the Mean (M) Standard Deviation (SD) and T-Value (t) between smokers and non-smokers. *N.S = Not Significant Table 1 shows that the t-values were not found to be significant. DISCUSSION When we attend two or more tasks at one time, it is mainly because of the division of attention of that person. The first scientist to study in the field of division of attention was Paulhan (1887) who found out that if the nature of both the jobs is simple, the outcome would be the least affected. A few other scientists who got the same results were Binet (1890), Jastraw and Cairnes (1892) and Fitts and Simon (1949). According to the table shown above, the hypothesis mentioned above has been proved right. There is no significant difference between the: Division of attention between smokers and non-smokers in performing two tasks simultaneously. These results could be due to various reasons. The lifestyle of both smokers and non-smokers is the same. Their surroundings, their routines everything is very similar. Although minor differences will be present in the results due to differing mental abilities, everything else is the same. Hence their results or rather the levels of division of attention between ideally should not differ to a great extent. When we look at the tables closely we observe that the performance of two simple tasks (one physical and one mental) the loss of efficiency in the performance of tasks in non-smokers is lesser than that of smokers, whereas in the performance of two difficult tasks (one mental and one physical) the opposite case happens. The loss of efficiency is lesser for smokers when compared to non-smokers. When we look at the results of the tasks of difficult physical- easy mental or difficult mental and easy physical, they depended completely on the mental abilities of that person. There was no pattern that was followed. The hypothesis may not have been proved right as the all the students have not been smoking regularly for long. The effects might be seen more clearly if they had been smoking for longer. The brain functioning might be something that would be impaired only after a while. The impairment is not going to be sudden. There could have also been many intervening variables such as the weather, the students mood the surroundings, the situations and even the noise levels. All these affect the performance of the subject while performing a task. This particular research in this field gives the psychologists a base to build up future researches and ones which can be conducted in more depth. The same study can be conducted on an older population and the results can be matched and seen. Then it can be proven if age plays a major role in this research. As the subjects are older it is but natural that they have smoked for longer in their life which has been proved to reduce brain functioning. This study shows that there is no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers as well as girls and boys when it comes to the division of attention. REFERENCE Anstyl, O’Kearney, Salim, Sanden. Smoking as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Cognitive Decline: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (2007) West, Robert and Shiffman, Saul (2007).Fast Facts: Smoking Cessation. Health Press Ltd. p.28 Hirsch, GL, et al., â€Å"Immediate effects of smoking on cardiorespiratory response to exercise,† Journal of Applied Physiology 58:1975-81, June 1985 Blair, SN, et al., â€Å"Relationship Between Exercise or Physical Activity and Other Health Behaviors,† Public Health Reports 100(2):172-180, March-April 1985; Faulkner, RA, et al., â€Å"The Relationship of Physical Activity to Smoking Characteristics in Canadian Men and Women,† Canadian Journal of Public Health 78(3):155-60, May-June 1987; Lazarus, NB, et al., â€Å"Smoking and Body Mass in the Natural History of Physical Activity: Prospective Evidence from the Alameda County Study, 1965-1974,† American Journal of Preventive Medicine 5(3):127-35, May-June 1989 Dishman, RK, et al., â€Å"The Determinants of Physical Activity and Exercise,† Public Health Reports 100(2):158-71, March-April 1985 Winnail, SD, et al., â€Å"Relationship Between Physical Activity Level and Cigarette, Smokeless Tobacco, and Marijuana Use Among Public High School Adolescents,† Journal of School Health 65(10):438-442, December 1995 http://www.holah.karoo.net/sampling.htm The Effects of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine on Cognition and the Brain, Gary E. Swan, Christina N. Lessov-Schlaggar On thedivisionofattention: A disproof of the single channel hypothesis, D. Alan Allporta,Barbara AntonisaPatricia Reynolds Smoking and attention: A review and reformulation of the stimulus-filter hypothesis, Jon D. Kassel Cigarette smoking and cognitive performance, George J. Spilich, Lorraine June, Judith Renner. Smoking Rots the Brain Lowers Cognitive Performance November 29, 2012 http://scitechdaily.com/smoking-rots-the-brain-lowers-cognitive-performance/ 1

Where does the order Lie :: essays research papers

Where does the Order Lie? The social and political orders of William Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and Merchant of Venice vary, but still exhibit firm criticisms of the role of government within society. The conclusions of both of these plays return to their original order and the characters are resolved in their own ways. Measure for Measure gives the most demanding criticism of the role of political order out of most of Shakespeare’s plays. Through the actions of the Duke and Angelo, Shakespeare reveals the two distinct sides to patriarchal political order, punishment and forgiveness. Merchant of Venice shows the social order by the conflict that occurs between Shylock and Antonio. Through their conflict and eventual resolve, Shakespeare once again reveals his own personal criticisms of the justice system and a skewed image of the middle-class social order. Both of these plays represent different orders within society and also exhibit changes within them as the play progresses. The transfo rmation and the eventual restoration of political and social order in these two Shakespeare plays provide certain similar criticisms about the role that order plays within the confines of society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The political order in Measure for Measure is a strong, yet unstable patriarchy led by the Duke. The Duke orders Antonio to take his place and carry out Vienna’s â€Å"strict statutes and most biting laws† (1.1.19). These â€Å"strict statutes† and â€Å"laws† were obviously not carried out in the time of the Duke’s patriarchal reign over the city of Vienna. The Duke’s city is falling apart and is filled with sin and lechery. He gives his powers to Angelo, and according to the Duke, â€Å"Lent him our terror, dressed him with our love,† (1.1.20), signifying that there is only two ways to restore order, through passive forgiveness, or harsh punishment. These two very important aspects of the play are the essence of a patriarchal society in which Shakespeare criticizes throughout the play. Angelo represents the patriarchal order, and when he needed to he passed his power down to his deputy, which signifies a change in the political order in the play. By the conclusion of the play, the patriarch returns and everything returns back to the way it was at the beginning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The original order in the beginning of Merchant of Venice lies within the conflict of the two characters, Shylock and Antonio. These two represent the social order that Shakespeare is criticizing throughout the play.

Physiological Change Essay

What is a drug addiction? Why don’t people just simply quit doing drugs? Well here is a news flash, an addiction to drugs is a disease! Why is it when someone is diagnosed with cancer other people are concerned and feel horrible, however, when someone is diagnosed with an addiction to drugs they are faced with ridicule, and alienation? It seems that it may be this way since cancer has been researched for many years while drug addiction has not. People who abuse drugs are affected by physiological changes that occur in the brain, unfortunately these changes are what leads to addiction and should be treated as the disease it is and not as if it is a choice. The disease that addictions cause makes many physical changes to the human body but addiction is more than just a behavioral disorder, another thing that it can cause is emotional changes. The disease physically alters the way the user thinks. Over time consecutive use of the drug could make the users body immune to that dosage, therefore it makes them feel they need more to achieve their â€Å"High†, and here lies the start of an addiction. Many uninformed individuals would say if its bad quitÍ ¾ however, this problem isn’t that simple. Along with altering the way the user thinks, the disease also alters cells in the body.

Benefits Of Nike s Global Growth - 992 Words

While conditions may have improved, many of its manufacturing factories in developing countries still have yet to meet Nike’s own standards. The company itself has admittedly acknowledged that low wages for some of its workers is still a concern; until this is fully resolved, we could see how this would continue to hurt the company’s image and a decline in loyalty, attachment, community and engagement which are crucial to a brand’s resonance. I also discovered that one of Nike’s biggest weaknesses is their relative dependence on the footwear market. While Nike certainly provides a wide range of products, the major source of their branding efforts and income are still coming from its market share in the footwear market. Moreover, the company suffers from limited presence in developing markets, partly due to its issues with imitation, pricing and patent protection. This weakness dramatically limits Nike’s global growth. If Nike aims to removing these limiting factors, it must find a way to improve its policies and strategies in the areas of employment, product mix development, labor, and penetration in developing markets. Nike has also grown to be heavily dependent on overseas manufacturing for a large portion of their production. The current economic recession may also have a negative impact on Nike as it is comparatively highly priced in comparison to Adidas and other competitors; this may even be one of the reasons as to why their market share is declining in the US.Show MoreRelatedNike : The World s Largest Athletic Footwear1067 Words   |  5 PagesNIKE is the world’s largest athletic footwear and apparel that ranks in the top 20 of the World’s Most Valuable Brands 2015. It designs, develops, markets, and sells athletic footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories. The company was founded in 1964 and has its headquarter in Beaverton, Oregon. 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